ENDURANCE SCIENCE
What the studies say
Scientific research explained in plain language, with the original reference and what amateur athletes can apply.
Omega-3 and muscle recovery: what we know about soreness, inflammation and performance
Understand why blood markers, soreness and performance need separate interpretation.
Read the summarySleep and recovery: how nutrition may help and what supplements cannot fix
A 2026 magnesium review helps separate expectations, habits and scientific evidence.
Read the summaryCreatine for endurance athletes: where it may fit and how to set expectations
Understand why strength and high-intensity benefits do not guarantee improvement in long races.
Read the summaryDo gels upset your stomach? What science suggests about practicing race nutrition
A 2025 review helps explain gut training and the limits of product tolerance claims.
Read the summaryYour watch recorded extra swimming distance: did you swim farther, or was the GPS wrong?
A review shows the potential of open-water sensors and the precautions needed before interpreting distance, trajectory and pace.
Read the summaryHow much do amateur triathletes train? What the data show—and what they do not
An analysis of 95 triathletes shows how training load varies with race distance and season phase, without establishing an ideal dose.
Read the summaryPre-competition load: why listening to swimmers may tell us more than a spreadsheet ratio
Monitoring seven swimmers linked perceived load with performance and found limited usefulness in the acute-to-chronic workload ratio.
Read the summaryStrength training or plyometrics for swimmers? What better test results mean—and what remains unproven
An intervention with university swimmers found different responses to strength training and plyometrics, but transfer to swimming requires caution.
Read the summaryTriathlon nutrition: what a 2005 review teaches about energy, hydration and gut discomfort
Jeukendrup and colleagues reviewed nutrition before, during and after triathlon. Explore the mechanisms, applications and points that require interpretation in light of later knowledge.
Read the summaryCan lighter resistance training loads help swimmers? The role of movement velocity
An experiment with young swimmers compared two load ranges and found favorable adaptations with lighter loads performed with intent to move fast.
Read the summaryWhat has changed in professional cycling nutrition—beyond grams of carbohydrate?
The UCI project review shows why race nutrition involves demands, recovery and logistics, beyond the quantity consumed per hour.
Read the summaryDoes more carbohydrate always improve cycling? An experiment shows why context matters
A study compared placebo with 40 and 90 grams of carbohydrate per hour and found a benefit in only one tested condition.
Read the summaryCan cycling replace running? What a review actually allows us to conclude
A cross-training meta-analysis found no clear differences, but it did not demonstrate that running and cycling are equivalent.
Read the summaryCan artificial intelligence predict a running injury?
A study followed 142 runners and tested prediction models, but its results do not yet support automated diagnosis or prevention.
Read the summaryCan blood tests tell you whether training is too demanding?
Monitoring triathletes linked urea with perceived load, while reinforcing that no isolated blood test diagnoses excessive fatigue.
Read the summary